Abstract: Empirical latency evaluations across 10,000 emulated smart inverters comparing IEEE 2030.5 REST/HTTP/2 against DNP3 Secure Authentication and IEC 61850 GOOSE/SV for primary frequency regulation.
Testing across simulated cellular LTE-M and fiber backhaul links revealed that HTTP/2 multiplexing in IEEE 2030.5 reduces median connection overhead to 14.2 ms compared to 28.6 ms in legacy HTTP/1.1. IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE achieved sub-4 ms latency over Layer 2, confirming its suitability for local substation fast trip actions.